Presentation on theme: "23 P A R T A The Digestive System."— Presentation transcript:
1 23 P A R T A The Digestive System
2 Digestive System: Overview
The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract digests and absorbs food Alimentary canal – mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine Accessory digestive organs – teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
3 Figure 23.1
4 The GI tract is a “disassembly” line
Digestive Process The GI tract is a “disassembly” line Nutrients become more available to the body in each step There are six essential activities: Ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion Chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
5 Figure 23.2
6 Gastrointestinal Tract Activities
Ingestion – taking food into the digestive tract Propulsion – swallowing and peristalsis Peristalsis – waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls Mechanical digestion – chewing, mixing, and churning food PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Motility, pages 3-5
7 Peristalsis and Segmentation
Figure 23.3
8 Gastrointestinal Tract Activities
Chemical digestion – catabolic breakdown of food Absorption – movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph Defecation – elimination of indigestible solid wastes
9 External environment for the digestive process
GI Tract External environment for the digestive process Regulation of digestion involves: Mechanical and chemical stimuli – stretch receptors, osmolarity, and presence of substrate in the lumen Extrinsic control by CNS centers Intrinsic control by local centers
10 Receptors of the GI Tract
Mechano- and chemoreceptors respond to: Stretch, osmolarity, and pH Presence of substrate, and end products of digestion They initiate reflexes that: Activate or inhibit digestive glands Mix lumen contents and move them along
11 Nervous Control of the GI Tract
Intrinsic controls Nerve plexuses near the GI tract initiate short reflexes Short reflexes are mediated by local enteric plexuses (gut brain) Extrinsic controls Long reflexes arising within or outside the GI tract CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Control of the Digestive System, pages 3-8
12 Nervous Control of the GI Tract
Figure 23.4
13 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Peritoneum – serous membrane of the abdominal cavity Visceral – covers external surface of most digestive organs Parietal – lines the body wall Peritoneal cavity Lubricates digestive organs Allows them to slide across one another
14 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Figure 23.5a
15 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Mesentery – double layer of peritoneum that provides: Vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera Hold digestive organs in place and store fat Retroperitoneal organs – organs outside the peritoneum Peritoneal organs (intraperitoneal) – organs surrounded by peritoneum
16 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Figure 23.5b
17 Blood Supply: Splanchnic Circulation
Arteries and the organs they serve include The hepatic, splenic, and left gastric: spleen, liver, and stomach Inferior and superior mesenteric: small and large intestines
18 Blood Supply: Splanchnic Circulation
Hepatic portal circulation: Collects nutrient-rich venous blood from the digestive viscera Delivers this blood to the liver for metabolic processing and storage
19 Histology of the Alimentary Canal
From esophagus to the anal canal the walls of the GI tract have the same four tunics From the lumen outward they are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa Each tunic has a predominant tissue type and a specific digestive function PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Anatomy Review, page 3
20 Histology of the Alimentary Canal
Figure 23.6
21 Moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal
Mucosa Moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal Three major functions: Secretion of mucus Absorption of end products of digestion Protection against infectious disease Consists of three layers: a lining epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
22 Mucosa: Epithelial Lining
Simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells Mucus secretions: Protect digestive organs from digesting themselves Ease food along the tract Stomach and small intestine mucosa contain: Enzyme-secreting cells Hormone-secreting cells (making them endocrine and digestive organs)
23 Mucosa: Lamina Propria and Muscularis Mucosae
Loose areolar and reticular connective tissue Nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients Contains lymph nodes (part of MALT) important in defense against bacteria Muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa
24 Mucosa: Other Sublayers
Submucosa – dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves Muscularis externa – responsible for segmentation and peristalsis Serosa – the protective visceral peritoneum Replaced by the fibrous adventitia in the esophagus Retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa
25 Enteric Nervous System
Composed of two major intrinsic nerve plexuses: Submucosal nerve plexus – regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa Myenteric nerve plexus – Major nerve supply that controls GI tract mobility Segmentation and peristalsis are largely automatic involving local reflex arcs Linked to the CNS via long autonomic reflex arc PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Control of the Digestive System, page 5
26 Mouth Oral or buccal cavity:
Is bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue Has the oral orifice as its anterior opening Is continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Anatomy Review, page 4
27 To withstand abrasions:
Mouth To withstand abrasions: The mouth is lined with stratified squamous epithelium The gums, hard palate, and dorsum of the tongue are slightly keratinized
28 Anatomy of the Oral Cavity: Mouth
Figure 23.7a
29 Have a core of skeletal muscles
Lips and Cheeks Have a core of skeletal muscles Lips: orbicularis oris Cheeks: buccinators Vestibule – bounded by the lips and cheeks externally, and teeth and gums internally Oral cavity proper – area that lies within the teeth and gums Labial frenulum – median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum
30 Oral Cavity and Pharynx: Anterior View
Figure 23.7b
31 Palate Hard palate – underlain by palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae Assists the tongue in chewing Slightly corrugated on either side of the raphe (midline ridge)
32 Soft palate – mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing Uvula projects downward from its free edge Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches form the borders of the fauces
33 Tongue Occupies the floor of the mouth and fills the oral cavity when mouth is closed Functions include: Gripping and repositioning food during chewing Mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus Initiation of swallowing, and speech
34 Tongue Intrinsic muscles change the shape of the tongue Extrinsic muscles alter the tongue’s position Lingual frenulum secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth
35 Superior surface bears three types of papillae
Tongue Superior surface bears three types of papillae Filiform – give the tongue roughness and provide friction Fungiform – scattered widely over the tongue and give it a reddish hue Circumvallate – V-shaped row in back of tongue
36 Sulcus terminalis – groove that separates the tongue into two areas:
Anterior 2/3 residing in the oral cavity Posterior third residing in the oropharynx
37 Tongue Figure 23.8
38 Produce and secrete saliva that:
Salivary Glands Produce and secrete saliva that: Cleanses the mouth Moistens and dissolves food chemicals Aids in bolus formation Contains enzymes that break down starch
39 Salivary Glands Three pairs of extrinsic glands – parotid, submandibular, and sublingual Intrinsic salivary glands (buccal glands) – scattered throughout the oral mucosa
40 Submandibular – lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body
Salivary Glands Parotid – lies anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and skin Parotid duct opens into the vestibule next to second upper molar Submandibular – lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body Its ducts open at the base of the lingual frenulum Sublingual – lies anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue It opens via ducts into the floor of the mouth
41 Salivary Glands Figure 23.9a
42 Saliva: Source and Composition
Secreted from serous and mucous cells of salivary glands % water, hypo-osmotic, slightly acidic solution containing Electrolytes – Na+, K+, Cl–, PO42–, HCO3– Digestive enzyme – salivary amylase Proteins – mucin, lysozyme, defensins, and IgA Metabolic wastes – urea and uric acid
43 Intrinsic glands keep the mouth moist
Control of Salivation Intrinsic glands keep the mouth moist Extrinsic salivary glands secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva in response to: Ingested food which stimulates chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors The thought of food Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Secretion, pages 3-5
44 Primary and permanent dentitions have formed by age 21
Teeth Primary and permanent dentitions have formed by age 21 Primary – 20 deciduous teeth that erupt at intervals between 6 and 24 months Permanent – enlarge and develop causing the root of deciduous teeth to be resorbed and fall out between the ages of 6 and 12 years All but the third molars have erupted by the end of adolescence Usually 32 permanent teeth
45 Deciduous Teeth Figure
46 Permanent Teeth Figure
47 Classification of Teeth
Teeth are classified according to their shape and function Incisors – chisel-shaped teeth for cutting or nipping Canines – fanglike teeth that tear or pierce Premolars (bicuspids) and molars – have broad crowns with rounded tips; best suited for grinding or crushing During chewing, upper and lower molars lock together generating crushing force
48 Dental Formula: Permanent Teeth
A shorthand way of indicating the number and relative position of teeth Written as ratio of upper to lower teeth for the mouth Primary: 2I (incisors), 1C (canine), 2M (molars) Permanent: 2I, 1C, 2PM (premolars), 3M 2I 1C 2PM 3M X 2 (32 teeth)
49 Two main regions – crown and the root
Tooth Structure Two main regions – crown and the root Crown – exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva Enamel – acellular, brittle material composed of calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals; the hardest substance in the body Encapsules the crown of the tooth Root – portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone
50 Neck – constriction where the crown and root come together
Tooth Structure Neck – constriction where the crown and root come together Cementum – calcified connective tissue Covers the root Attaches it to the periodontal ligament
51 Gingival sulcus – depression where the gingiva borders the tooth
Tooth Structure Periodontal ligament Anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw Forms the fibrous joint called a gomaphosis Gingival sulcus – depression where the gingiva borders the tooth
52 Tooth Structure Dentin – bonelike material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth Pulp cavity – cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulp Pulp – connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
53 Tooth Structure Root canal – portion of the pulp cavity that extends into the root Apical foramen – proximal opening to the root canal Odontoblasts – secrete and maintain dentin throughout life
54 Tooth Structure Figure 23.11
55 Tooth and Gum Disease Dental caries – gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial action Dental plaque, a film of sugar, bacteria, and mouth debris, adheres to teeth Acid produced by the bacteria in the plaque dissolves calcium salts Without these salts, organic matter is digested by proteolytic enzymes Daily flossing and brushing help prevent caries by removing forming plaque
56 Tooth and Gum Disease: Periodontitis
Gingivitis – as plaque accumulates, it calcifies and forms calculus, or tartar Accumulation of calculus: Disrupts the seal between the gingivae and the teeth Puts the gums at risk for infection Periodontitis – serious gum disease resulting from an immune response Immune system attacks intruders as well as body tissues, carving pockets around the teeth and dissolving bone
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